It was in Freud’s work ‘Project for a Scientific Psychology’ ( Freud, 1895) that he first laid down the radical (at the time) idea that cognitive processes are intrinsically unconscious. Once this root-cause could be identified and explained, Freud thought, the physical and psychological symptoms would be alleviated ( Breuer & Freud, 1893).
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His treatment – the talking, the hypnosis, the hand on the forehead, the free association, the couch – all were designed to try and access this so-called ‘unconscious’ world, to find the root-cause of distress. What was the connection to her current symptoms?Īt this time Sigmund Freud had begun to develop a psychoanalytic theory that physical symptoms could be caused by thoughts not available to the conscious mind. What then did these past events in Frau Emmy’s life signal to Sigmund Freud? Later, after she had calmed down a little, she seemed better… Freud’s interpretation
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He let her give full vent to her emotion. Then Sigmund Freud did something more unusual. He hypnotised her and soon she began to speak of her frightening experiences – being a maidservant in an asylum, nursing her dying brother. To Sigmund Freud the symptoms she showed were typical of hysteria and he soon set about treating her with his strange new methods.
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was one of the earliest patients to be treated with the nascent techniques of psychoanalysis and psychoanalytic theory.įrau Emmy suffered from a series of tics, some facial, the most obvious of which was a loud ‘clacking’ noise. The case of Frau Emmy von N.įrau Emmy von N. Imagine travelling back to the 19th century and here is a smartly dressed young man looking at you with bright intelligent eyes and there is a pungent smell in the room of cigars. To really understand the revolutionary nature of Sigmund Freud’s work you need to do something for me: to forget you’ve every heard of him or his ideas. Indeed, Sigmund Freud made some startling contributions to psychology only accepted into the mainstream of academic research in the last few decades. One of the main reasons his work is not considered ‘scientific’ is the apparent difficulty of testing his theories.Īctually there is plenty of scientific evidence for his most important finding – the cognitive unconscious – but it has taken some time to be acknowledged. The strange thing about Sigmund Freud is that, amongst psychologists, his stock is relatively low. He thought there were accidents and that every behaviour had a meaning, if only it could be correctly intepreted. In other words, we sometimes say what we really mean by accident. Sigmund Freud believed that aspects of people’s unconscious mental processes were revealed by slips in speech. This often involved saying a word to the patient and asking them to respond with the first thing that comes to mind.įragments of the true repressed problem are supposed to emerge through this method. Sigmund Freud used free association as another method to access the unconscious. Since dreams often make little sense, they need interpretation - Freud and other practitioners of psychoanalysis need to work out what they mean. While were are asleep, he though, ideas that we would normally repress come to the surface. The interpretation of dreamsįreud thought that the interpretation of the dreams was the ‘royal road to the unconscious’. So, Sigmund Freud had to develop a series of techniques that he thought could reveal hidden neuroses. The problem for Sigmund Freud’s method was that if the key to mental healing is in the unconscious, how can it be accessed? Wolf Man (aka Sergei Pankejeff) who was depressed and dreamed of wolves.Little Hans (Herbert Graf) who had a phobia of horses.Anna O., who had hallucinations, paralysis and speech problems.Sigmund Freud’s theories and treatments were based on case studies of patients he had treated and those he had discussed with other doctors using similar methods.
Ego: tries to satisfy the desires of the id in the most socially acceptable way.Id: the most basic drive for pleasure, satisfaction of desires and wants.Sigmund Freud thought the personality had three major elements:
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